Hover over a bubble to see details with links to studies. Click on a link in the axes to see an explanation of the Intervention / Outcome. Select an area of the chart to zoom in. Toggle study categories on and off using the legend at the bottom of the chart. Export the chart using the menu button at the top right of the chart.
Impact evaluations
High confidence
Medium confidence
Low confidence
Protocol
Direct hardware provision
The provision of any WASH hardware for free and which has been chosen by an external authority. This includes interventions where new or improved water supplies are constructed, handwashing stations are built, soap is handed out, water purifiers given away, latrines provided, or sewer connections installed by external actors (e.g., government or an NGO)
Health messaging
Directive hygiene, and sometimes sanitation, education where participants are provided with new knowledge or skills to promote health-based reasoning. These information campaigns may be provided through television, radio, theatre or printed media; provided directly to specific households or through sessions at community meetings, schools or other places; or provided directly to community leaders or health workers
Subsidies and microfinance
Systems-based approaches that use pricing reform or financial mechanisms to promote the uptake of WASH technologies. This includes subsidies, vouchers, microcredit, and other forms of microfinance, aimed at consumers
Direct provision with health messaging
Interventions combining the direct provision of hardware with an intensive health messaging campaign. If only a single session is provided to explain the new hardware, this would simply appear under "direct hardware provision".
Directive psychosocial triggering (e.g. social marketing)
Behaviour change approaches that use emotional and social cues, pressure, or motivation to encourage community members to change behaviours. Directive mechanisms are typically social marketing campaigns, which use commercial marketing techniques to promote the adoption of beneficial behaviours. They can also include other styles of campaign that use emotional or social triggers rather than information
Participatory psychosocial triggering (e.g. CLTS)
Behaviour change approaches that use emotional and social cues, pressure, or motivation to encourage community members to change behaviours. Participatory mechanisms are typically a community-based approach and promote behaviour change through consultation with the community, a two-way dialogue, and joint-decision making. For example, community-led total sanitatio (CLTS) uses this mechanism
Legal reform
Systems-based approaches that enact or implement legal reforms proscribing open defaecation, discharge of contaminated water or dumping of waste.
Decentralisation
Systems-based approaches that put the community at the centre of the planning, design, implementation, and/or operations of their service provider. For example, Community driven development (CDD) typically uses a participatory approach, block grants with cost sharing, and often a component of local institutional strengthening. Other approaches include Water User Associations (WUAs)
Direct provision with psychosocial triggering
Interventions combining the direct provision of hardware with behavioural change communication that uses psychosocial triggers; these can be either participatory (e.g. CLTS) or are more often directive (e.g. a social marketing campaign).
Health messaging with systems-based approaches
Interventions combining health messaging with demand-side system-based approaches (e.g., subsidies) and/or supply-side systems-based approaches (e.g., privatisation)
Psychosocial triggering with systems-based approaches
Interventions combining behavioural change communication that uses psychosocial triggers (e.g. CLTS or sanitation marketing) with demand-side system-based approaches (e.g., subsidies) and/or supply-side systems-based approaches (e.g., sanitation marketing)
Regulation, privatisation and small-scale provider involvement
Supply-side systems-based approaches that aim to improve the functioning of the current service provider (e.g. improving accountability, oversight or regulation, capacity building and output-based aid), change ownership (e.g., privatisation or nationalisation of utilities, public-private partnerships), or encourage small-scale independent organisations, including non-profits, to become the providers of WASH facilities and services on a commercial basis (e.g., sanitation marketing)
Click items in the legend to toggle the category off and on in the graph. High, Medium and Low Confidence and Protocol categories apply only to Systematic Reviews. High, Medium and Low Confidence refersto confidence in conclusions about effects. It indicates the overall rating given to a systematic review based on a careful appraisal of the methods applied in a systematic review, using a standardised checklist.
