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Hover over a bubble to see details with links to studies. Click on a link in the axes to see an explanation of the Intervention / Outcome. Select an area of the chart to zoom in. Toggle study categories on and off using the legend at the bottom of the chart. Export the chart using the menu button at the top right of the chart.
Direct hardware provision
Direct provision covers all interventions where hardware (such as a latrine or water purifier) is provided for free and has been chosen by an external authority (such as a non-governmental organisation).
Health messaging
Health messaging, most often focused on sanitation or hygiene, is typically a directive educational approach designed to help individuals, or communities, improve their health through increasing their knowledge and/or skills.
Psychosocial 'triggering': directive
Directive mechanisms are typically social marketing campaigns aimed at WASH service users, which use commercial marketing techniques to promote the adoption of beneficial behaviours. They can also include other styles of campaign that use emotional or social triggers rather than information.
Psychosocial 'triggering': participatory
Participatory mechanisms are typically a community-based approach and promote behaviour change through consultation with the community, a two-way dialogue, and joint-decision making. Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) is the most common intervention with this mechanism.
Subsidies and microfinance
This covers all interventions that use pricing reform or financial mechanisms to promote the uptake of WASH technologies. This includes subsidies, vouchers, microcredit, and other forms of microfinance, aimed at consumers.
Improving operator performance
These interventions improve access to WASH facilities and services by improving the functioning of the current service provider. This includes improving accountability, increasing oversight/regulation, and marketing training directed to WASH service providers.
Private sector and small-scale independent provider involvement
These interventions encourage the private sector, including not for profits, to become the providers of WASH facilities and services on a commercial basis.
Community-driven approaches
Decentralised delivery that focuses on putting the community at the centre of the planning, design, implementation, and operations of their service provider. Community driven development (CDD), also called Social Funds, typically uses a participatory approach, block grants with cost sharing, and often a component of local institutional strengthening. Other approaches include Water User Associations (WUAs).
Direct provision with health messaging
These interventions combine the direct provision of hardware with an intensive health messging campaign. If only a single session is provided to explain the new hardware, this would simply appear under "direct hardware provision".
Direct provision with psychosocial 'triggering'
These interventions combine the direct provision of hardware with behavioural change communication that uses psychosocial triggers; these can be either participatory or more often directive (e.g. a social a marketing campaign).
Systems-based approaches with health messaging
These interventions combine systems-based appraoches (e.g. subsidies) with health messging.
Systems-based approaches with psychosocial 'triggering'
These interventions combine systems-based approaches with behavioural change communication that uses psychosocial triggers.
Click items in the legend to toggle the category off and on in the graph. High, Medium and Low Confidence and Protocol categories apply only to Systematic Reviews. High, Medium and Low Confidence refersto confidence in conclusions about effects. It indicates the overall rating given to a systematic review based on a careful appraisal of the methods applied in a systematic review, using a standardised checklist.
