Utility-based programmes

Utility based programmes, are also called Energy Efficiency Obligations, Energy Savings Obligations and White Certificates. These mechanisms place obligations on utilities to find energy savings equivalent to a certain percentage of their energy sales; depending on the program design, utilities can invest in end-use efficiency with their customers, or purchase energy savings from third parties. Some schemes also allow for trading of the energy savings. (Denysenko et al. 2018).